Humanitarian Intervention in International Society

Table of Contents Introduction Benefitsof Humanitarian Interventions The Harm Associated With Humanitarian Intervention Justification Alternatives of Humanitarian Intervention Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Humanitarian intervention is the act of employing tough measures mostly by military forces from the outside in an effort to make sure that the rights of civilians are protected and accessed without the local authorities assent (Weiss 303). The principle responsibility and practice of humanitarian intervention carried out by the international community is to prevent unnecessary deaths, suffering and help in protecting human rights in situations where the sovereign state is either unwilling or unable to carry out such functions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Humanitarian Intervention in International Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, several situations have led to the international com munity being divided over the forcible intervention matter in relation to human protection purposes in relation to mass killings. This is because humanitarian intervention has been depicted as to rely upon justifiable forces in order to protect other state inhabitants from persistent abuse and arbitrary treatment. This intention is to surpass the authority limiting the sovereign states to act with justice and reason (Baylis, John Owens 103). Humanitarian intervention is completely different compared to the humanitarian aid. Though somehow related, humanitarian intervention involves deploying of military forces by a state or sometimes more than one state to protect the civilians of a given sovereign state from humanitarian carnages. Humanitarian aid, on the other hand, is mostly offered by non-governmental, as well as international organizations which distance themselves from any political association and provide medical care, shelter and food to civilians. Humanitarian intervention has been made distinct following the inaction of the international humanitarian law which governs the provisions and protections of humanitarian relief delivery during military intervention (Rieff Anthony 228). Benefitsof Humanitarian Interventions In past years, Humanitarian interventions have been beneficial as they ensured protection from suffering and unnecessary deaths. A good example of such benefiting humanitarian intervention includes the United Nation intervention in Somalia. Before this intervention, Somalia was suffering from conflicts among clans, lawlessness, famine and lack of a government. The UN responded to this situation by deploying troops to offer humanitarian reliefs. This humanitarian intervention was to the interest of Somalia as a nation. The humanitarian intervention is believed to have been beneficial to civilians is the Kosovo international intervention. The war in Kosovo was as a result of the NATO efforts to end repression campaigns against Albanians, w hich was being carried out by the Yugoslavian president (Murphy 427). This humanitarian intervention was carried out in such a away that it ensured the lives for those on the ground as well as the financial costs involved were saved. The intervention was successful as it protected the Albanians from oppression.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Harm Associated With Humanitarian Intervention After the Cold War, humanitarian intervention took a different dimension. The interventions remained independent of the restrains and limitations by the conceptual war that was in the past witnessed between superpowers such as Russia and the United States. Most of the conflicts after this period remained confined within national boundaries of collapsed states or repressive governments. Such conditions were observed to lead to human rights gross violation in most cases. In history, t here has been several international interventions that have been recognized as to have played a significant role in the protection of civilians but still went ahead to take a political role that was not supported by the intervening state. More so, some of the campaigns by most colonies were validated in the 19th century on the basis of humanitarian intervention. An example of such intervention includes the efforts to salvage Christian minorities that were being threatened in Muslim lands during the Ottoman Empire. This intervention was questioned for the expenses and efficiency involved. The other case involved the move by Britain to intervene in Sudan with the motive of abolishing slave trade and revenging Charles Gordon death. This move by Britain has raised many debates as to whether the intervention had been conditioned to benefit Britain in its cause (Bellamy 150). Several dangers have been associated with using military force in the humanitarian intervention process as this mi ght lead to increased suffering while trying to protect the initial abuses. It is therefore an important consideration to make sure that any humanitarian intervention would eventually mend the humanitarian watershed and not worsen the situation. Such a situation was observed when the United States went into war against Iraq. In some situations, interventions led to suffering and death of the people that they were meant to save.This led to the rise of the ‘responsibility of everyone to protect’ principle and was later included in the making of international laws. The sovereign states were given the responsibility of protecting their citizens from avoidable devastations. In cases where such states proved to be unable or not willing to take on this responsibility, the responsibility was given to the broader state’s community (Belloni 340). Justification Despite being independent of the sovereign state assent, humanitarian interventions actions which employ military force have to be approved by the UN first. However, considering the fact that the UN Charter does not overtly recognize humanitarian crisis as being a legitimate aim for such intervention, Security Council members have in several occasions been able to prevent interventions that have been proposed by using their veto or at times using threats. The humanitarian intervention decision is majorly based on the opinion of the public, as well as the pressure put on the state under intervention and political considerations. On the top of the political and legal doctrine that supported human intervention, most humanitarian intervention movements in the mid-1990’s experienced hardships and could not operate safely in areas facing conflicts. This led to heated debates on the feasibility, as well as legality of humanitarian intervention (Wheeler 78).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Humanitarian Intervention in International Society specifically for you fo r only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This followed events like the international community failure to stop the genocide that took place in Rwanda. It was stressed that it was important for any intervention to make use of intervention means that were recognized by the humanitarian law and the international human rights. The Security Council intervened and regarded such human rights violation to be a threat to both, peace and security on international levels. In response to this, the council employed economic consents or, at times, force in cases where there was need to do so. The humanitarian intervention concept from then considered its priorities as being the rule of law, democracy and human rights. The increasing need to protect distressed people meant that it was everyone’s responsibility to assist the affected victims without taking into consideration the traditional legal regulations (Baylis, John Owens 78). Alternatives of Humanitarian Intervention Followin g the harm associated with humanitarian intervention, several debates have come up opposing the use of such interventions, especially when military force is involved. This has led to the international community seeking alternative means in situations where it needs to intervene. One of the formulated alternatives is the ‘international responsibility to protect’ commission that is being sponsored by Canada to protect civilians facing massacre. The UN has also come up with its version of intervention through its General Assembly endorsing the Security Council to introduce measures of preventing genocide and other massacres in individual states that have failed to protect their citizens from abuse. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is another working alternative of the humanitarian intervention. The organization brings together more than 53 countries with its primary aim to be diplomacy preventative, protect human rights, control arms, and come up with measures intended to build security. The OSCE operations does not involve the military thus offers better interventions than those associated with NATO. Its work is exclusively solving problems in a cooperative manner and does not involve with any hegemonic acts. The functions of this organization fall under the United Nation Charter and operate as the agent of the United Nation. OSCE involves itself in all types of conflicts including preventing conflicts, management and rehabilitation after conflicts. The member countries include the superpowers like the United States, Russia, and Canada thus there is no interference from such nations (Weiss 305). Conclusion The humanitarian intervention protection responsibility mainly focuses its operations on supporting and protecting civilians and not observing the intervener rights. However, the moral oratory normally employed by western countries during wars has led to the ‘responsibility to protect’ to be misused. Most western countries take advantage of humanitarian interventions to benefit themselves. This has led the international community main principle of protecting civilians to fail in its translation into reality.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The international community is not ready to surpass individual interests and sovereignty so as to provide humanitarian intervention in violation of human rights and genocide cases. The humanitarian intervention has proved to be unlikely in areas lacking economic and geopolitical importance. The international community is now challenged to ensure that humanitarian interventions accomplish the main aim of protecting civilians. This can be achieved by the international community coming up with means of doing with the gap between perceptible commitment and prevention of verbal support. There is a need for more focus to be put on prevention rather than embracing intervention. International community efforts to make sure that there is good governance and accountability in sovereign states is a key to promoting economic and social development, protecting of human rights and fair resource distribution. Though there are several disadvantages associated with humanitarian interventions, when p roperly executed, such interventions have proved to have significant benefits to the civilians. This means that the interventions should be embraced so as to provide protection. In situations where such humanitarian interventions seem to be inappropriate, alternative measures have to be put in place. There have been many debates and opposition to humanitarian intervention but still this international community effort to protection is justified. Western countries have proved to be the main violators of the ‘responsibility to protect’ role by the international community as they put their interest before the civilians in the sovereign states. In such situations, the humanitarian interventions are more likely to lead to more harm and deaths than protecting civilians and preventing abuses. Works Cited Baylis, John and Patricia Owens. The Globalization of World Politics. New York, NY: Norton Company, 2002. Print. Bellamy, Alex. â€Å"Whither the Responsibility to Protect?â €  Humanitarian Intervention and the 2005 World Summit, Ethics International Affairs. 2(2006):143-169. Print. Belloni, Roberto. â€Å"The Tragedy of Darfur and the Limits of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’†. Ethnopolitics. 4(2006):327-346. Print. Murphy, Sean. Humanitarian Intervention:The United Nations in an Evolving World Order, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. Print Rieff, David and Anthony Dworkin. Crimes of War: What the Public Should Know, New York, NY: Norton Company, 2002. Print. Weiss, Thomas. Military-Civilian Interactions, Humanitarian Crises and the Responsibility to Protect, Oxford, UK: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, 2005. Print Weiss, Thomas. â€Å"The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention?† The Responsibility to Protect in a Unipolar Era. Security Dialogue. 2 (2004): 135-153. Print Wheeler, Nicholas. Savings Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2000. P rint This essay on Humanitarian Intervention in International Society was written and submitted by user Anastasia Moore to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

There is no society that is not confronted Essays

There is no society that is not confronted Essays There is no society that is not confronted Essay There is no society that is not confronted Essay ‘There is no society that is non confronted with the job of criminalism . Crime is normal because a society exempt from it is utterly impossible . Crime is so necessary .’ ( Durkheim, 1939 ) Discuss. The above citation from celebrated Gallic sociologist Emile Durkheim should, foremost and foremost, be understood within its fixed historical context. Ultimately, we can non trust to understand Durkheim or the remarks that he made refering offense without taking the needed clip to understand the cultural, societal, economic and political factors that conspired to impact his universe position and act upon his apprehension of the major socio-political jobs of his twenty-four hours. Therefore, we should from the beginning understand that, composing on the Eve of the Second World War and at the terminal of the 1930s – the most overtly condemnable decennary that had occurred in history at that point in clip – Durkheim was needfully concerned about the impact of offense, anarchy and perturb upon post-industrial western society and â€Å"the possible pandemonium that the capitalist industrialist system could produce† [ 1 ] . We should try to bear in head the impact of the coming of the epoch of organized offense upon Durkheim and his coevalss, particularly in the United States of America where prohibition had led to metropoliss such as Chicago going socially and politically indocile as a consequence of the gang-related force that accompanied bootlegging, smuggling and the subsequent ‘turf wars’ that erupted over criminalised district. Likewise, we should try non to bury the impact of the Great Depression and its incumbent economic prostration upon the people of North America and Europe where offense was an intrinsic response to this widespread sense of socio-economic want. Added to this, the 1920s and the 1930s besides saw the beginnings of the construct of the modern mass media, which fixated upon offense and high profile condemnable instances, such as the snatch of Charles Lindbergh’s babe in 1932, and made cult heroes out of scoundrels and ‘public enemies’ such as Al C apone. Yet as Theoharis et al compactly note, â€Å"in the 1920s, offense had sometimes been viewed about as a signifier of amusement ; in the 1930s it came to be seen as a symptom of moral prostration. It echoed the country’s sense of uncertainty that it could last the economic prostration with its values in tact.† [ 2 ] This, so, constitutes the cultural and historical model in which Durkheim would hold conceived of the above citation with civil society both in America and in Europe on the threshold of a sensed moral and economic prostration. Therefore, we should understand Durkheim as being concerned in the first case with impact of this unprecedented societal and cultural alteration that had manifested itself throughout station industrial western society and the pressing sociological demand â€Å"to develop policies to pull off the worst effects of it.† [ 3 ] Durkheim was hence a cardinal ideological constituent of what would go known as the ‘Chicago School’ of early criminology – the radical new broad school of faculty members and sociologists who converged in a command to try to better understand offense so that it was no longer seen through the anachronic political prism of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ ; ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ or, so, the modern-day media prism of what the British criminologist would subsequently term ‘folk Satans and moral panics’ whereby â€Å"a status, episode, individual, or group of individuals emerges to go defined as a menace to societal values and interests.† [ 4 ] Rather, the coming and subsequent victory of the new sociological paradigms advocated by Durkheim and the Chicago School sought to turn to the cultural and sociological instabilities of the yesteryear so as to show a more accurate portraiture of modern-day society thereby m aking a fertile rational, academic and analytical context in which to analyze offense without resort to the biass and factual inaccuracies that had blighted the classicist attack to offense and society in the eighteenth and 19th centuries [ 5 ] . As a consequence, acts that had antecedently been understood preponderantly in footings of a societal aberrance or a biological anomalousness would, henceforth, be understood in footings of cause, effect and divergence from set cultural norms [ 6 ] . This represented a considerable ideological spring frontward from old contemplations with respects to offense and society and constituted the birth of the construct of the modern academic subject of criminology with its incumbent accent upon cause instead than consequence, liberalism instead than conservativism, sociology instead than biological science and positivism as opposed to classicalism. Emile Durkheim should be considered to hold been an built-in portion of this displacement off from the antique classical impressions of offense ( which were born out of the epoch of the Enlightenment in the late 18th century [ 7 ] ) towards a more sociologically grounded grasp of the economic, political and cultural worlds of the modern-day age w here offense had to be accepted as being the necessary residue of human development. This, as Cordella and Siegel point out, was one of the most of import bequests of Durkheim and the positive school of early criminology. â€Å"Durkheim was a rationalist with a sociological instead than a biological orientation. Harmonizing to his vision of societal positivism, offense is portion of human nature because it has existed in every age, in both poorness and prosperity. Crime is normal because it is virtually impossible to conceive of a society in which condemnable behavior is wholly absent. Such a society would about demand that all people be and move precisely likewise. The inevitableness of offense is linked to the differences ( heterogeneousness ) within society.† [ 8 ] This prevalent point of view that offense was an inevitable byproduct of society was – within the fixed historical context in which Durkheim and his contemporise were working – an of import methodological connexion to hold made because the 1920s and 1930s ( the epoch which formed the rules of the Chicago School of criminology ) saw consecutive authoritiess in Europe and North America instil Draconian Torahs aimed at wholly eliminating offense from society. We have, for case, already noted how in the USA the Federal Government attempted to censor the sale of intoxicant in a command to cut down the societal effects of offense, merely ensuing in the creative activity of professional mobsters and bootlegging in the most dumbly populated of American urban countries such as Chicago. Likewise in Europe, the fascist absolutisms which seized political power in Germany and Italy during the 1920s and 1930s can be seen to hold been a contemplation of mainstream’s society inc reasing preoccupation with offense and the over-riding desire to eliminate delinquency at any human-centered and moral cost. Therefore, we should do a point of underscoring the extent to which Durkheim and the Chicago School represented a reaction against the â€Å"symbolic campaign to confirm traditional values† [ 9 ] and, furthermore, how these early criminological theoreticians served to make highly fertile evidences for the geographic expedition of new methods to battle intensifying degrees of offense in society by exposing such historical myths. This is an of import point and one that ought to be borne in head throughout the balance of the treatment. None of this, of class, is to province that we should take Durkheim’s citation at face value. He did non intend that offense is â€Å"normal† or â€Å"necessary† in any positive sort of sense and he was non proposing that broader societal job with offense should in any manner be downscaled in conformity with the libertarian position that offense was inevitable. Rather, the point he was doing was that if offense did non be it would intend that every human being is born equal, capable to equal chances and capable to the same caprice of ground and illusion. This, to Durkheim, was an absurdness ; hence, the absurd nature of his remarks. Therefore, instead than taking his words at face value we have to understand the sociological context in which he was composing which, as we have already seen, was characterised by an anachronic campaign to free society of offense in an era still staggering from the lay waste toing socio-economic reside of the Wall Street Crash, the s ubsequent Great Depression and – at the clip that the citation was written – the oncoming of a 2nd universe war in the infinite of a coevals. As a consequence, we should do a point non to trivialize Durkheim and the Chicago criminologists he so to a great extent influenced for the manner in which they conceptualise offense and its impact upon their historical and cultural context. Rather, we should understand how Durkheim and the criminologists and sociologists who comprised the original Chicago School were more concerned with analyzing how offense seemed to be endemic in certain vicinities while looking to be virtually non-existent in other vicinities. Viewed through this prism, we can see how Durkheim helped to give birth to the ideal of what we know today as ‘social exclusion’ every bit good as to the â€Å"concept of societal disorganisation.† [ 10 ] Having established a fixed conceptual and historical model for Durkheim, the Chicago School of criminology and the challenges that these early 20th century criminologists faced, we should now turn our attending towards analyzing how these penetrations impacted upon the criminology during the balance of the 20th century and besides now at the morning of the 20 first century when the subject of criminology is once more capable to the same historical argument with respects to offense and its intrinsic relationship with modern-day society. Equally far as the balance of the 20th century was concerned, Durkheim’s remarks served to move as the design through which consecutive coevalss of policy shapers sought to gestate offense with the watershed decennary of the 1970s functioning to radically change the manner in which provinces attempted to undertake the age old job of offense. Using Durkheim’s observations that offense was a normal adjunct of station industrial society, policy shapers in the western hemisphere progressively sought to ‘control’ offense ( as opposed to trying to eliminate it wholly ) . This, as David Garland suggests, involved a sweeping rethinking of the manner in which civil society should be structured. â€Å"A reconfigured field of offense control involves more than merely a alteration in society’s responses to offense. It besides entails new patterns of commanding behavior and making justness, revised constructs of societal order and societal control, and altered ways of keeping societal coherence and pull offing group relations.† [ 11 ] This, so, suggests that Durkheim’s predominating point of view ( viz. that offense was a necessary and normal merchandise of society ) can be seen to hold become an deep-rooted portion of the condemnable justness landscape during the 2nd half of the 20th century where policy shapers accepted the demand to command offense instead than waste clip trying to eliminate it from society. This was particularly true of the Anglo-American schools of criminology which emerged after the 1960s, asking a widespread re-evaluation of the early 20th century ideologists such as Durkheim. This alone bears testimony to the digesting impact of the Chicago School of criminology and the rationalist political orientation that it promulgated. Indeed, subsequent surveies by criminologists, sociologists and philosophers during the 2nd half of the 20th century served to cement Durkheim’s averment that offense was a necessary and normal aspect of civil society. The Gallic philosopher Michel Foucaul t, for case, agreed with Durkheim with respects to offense being a normal residue of modern society ; furthermore, Foucault saw offense as being an indispensable ingredient of the nature of political control in western society with the fad environing anarchy and upset conspiring to cement the legitimisation of the modern state province and, in peculiar, it’s function as defender of private people. Crime and the subsequent penalty of offense in the pretense of the prison were therefore grounds of â€Å"the impulse towards totalitarian control which Foucault conceives to be intrinsic to modern society.† [ 12 ] It can be seen, so, that the remarks made by Emile Durkheim influenced non merely his modern-day sociologists and criminologists in his ain clip but besides the subsequent coevalss of sociologists and criminologists who came in his aftermath. Indeed, even at the morning of the 20 first century, his positions associating to offense being an endemic portion of civil society remain valid. When, for case, we pause to see the coming of the alleged ‘new penology’ , we can understand the extent to which Durkheim’s discernibly rationalist, realist impressions of offense and society have impacted upon the modern-day direction, control and containment of civil noncompliance and anarchy. â€Å"The new poenology is neither about penalizing nor about rehabilitating persons. It is about placing and pull offing boisterous groups. It is concerned with the reason non of single behavior or even community administration but of managerial procedures. Its end is non to extinguish offense but to do it tolerable through systematic coordination.† [ 13 ] In the concluding analysis, so, it has been shown that Emile Durkheim and the socially grounded positive school of political orientation which he represented served to wholly change the manner that western station industrial societies thought about offense. Therefore, into the vacuity created by the disintegration of the outmoded societal and political thoughts of the classical school stepped the imperfect, realist political orientation promulgated by influential rational figures such as Durkheim. Yet it has besides been shown that the thought that offense is an inevitable, necessary and normal characteristic of society continues to vibrate in the modern epoch where both criminologists and policy shapers look towards pull offing offense in the same manner in which 1 would try to pull off an administration. This represents a continuance of instead than a displacement off from Durkheim’s groundbreaking analysis. We should, finally, expect to see a prolongation of the cultural ca pital ascribed to Durkheim and the positive school of sociological and criminological theory over the class of the 20 first century where the boundaries between the person and the province continue to film over. Mentions Cohen, S. ( 2002 )Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rockers: Second EditionLondon and New York: Routledge Cordella, P. and Siegel, L.J. ( 1996 )Readingsin Contemporary Criminological TheoryBoston: University Press of New England Feeley, M.M. and Simon, J. ( 2002 )The New Penology, in, McLaughlin, E. , Muncie, J. and Hughes, G. ( Eds. )Criminological Positions: EssentialReadingsLondon and New York: Sage Garland, D. ( 2002 )The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary SocietyOxford: Oxford University Press Joyce, P. ( 2006 )Condemnable Justice: An Introduction to Crime and the Criminal Justice SystemUffculme: Willan Printing Murfee Lanier, M and Henry, S. ( 2004 )Essential Criminology: Second EditionBoulder, CO: Westview Imperativeness Newburn, T. ( 2007 )CriminologyUffculme: Willan Printing Smart, B. ( 1994 )Michel Foucault: Critical AppraisalsLondon: Taylor A ; Francis Snipes, J. B. , Bernard, T.J. and Vold, G. B. ( 2002 )Theoretical CriminologyOxford and New York: Oxford University Press Soothill, K. , Peelo, M. and Taylor, C. ( 2002 )Making Sense of CriminologyCambridge: Polity Press Theoharis, A.G. , Poveda, T.G. , Rosenfeld, S. and Powers, G.R. ( 1999 )The FBI: A Comprehensive Reference GuideNew York: Greenwood Publication Tilley, N. ( 2005 )Introduction: Thinking Realistically about Crime Prevention, in, Tilley, N. ( Ed. )Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community SafetyUffculme: Willan Printing Walklate, S. ( 2005 )Criminology: The BasicssLondon and New York: Routledge 1

CSR in Organisations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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College students' Perception o the use of social network tool for Essay

College students' Perception o the use of social network tool for education learning - Essay Example His study found out that many students were strongly supportive of internet learning platforms because the platforms made learning easier. Aghaee’s findings correlate with Beltran and Belle studies, which found out that most participants â€Å"â€Å"strongly agreed† and â€Å"agreed† that they had better engagement using social networks† (p.77). Mok, established â€Å"91.7% of students going online daily† (2012, p. 141) with largest number opting to use Facebook. Irwin, Ball, Desbrow and Leveritt (2012), however, seem to raise the question on the effectiveness in blending social platforms into school curriculum in order to have meaningful performance impact. Enriquez Angelo (2014) on the other hand investigated the effectiveness of a virtual network as a learning tool. He interestingly concluded that a significant percentage of study participants perceived Edmodo as an invaluable pedagogical tool. Buzzetto found out that participants perceived YouTu be as a passive rather than active learning tool. This is because YouTube provides ‘Past’ information in form of videos. Indeed, according to Irwin, Ball, Desbrow and Leveritt (2012), most students â€Å"perceive benefits through enhanced communication, interaction, and flexibility in course content delivery† (p.1230). The research will primarily focus on Northern Colorado undergraduate and graduate students. The rationale for using undergraduate and graduate level students is because they are the most active group on the use of social media. Whereas use of social media seems fairly divided across both genders, the research will aim at finding any interesting outcomes in regard to gender. The perception on use of social media has a large dependence on the age of users. The fact that the study will be carried out in a college setting sets the age bracket to 18-28 years. The study will also put into consideration the ethnic diversity across the college.

Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System Essay

Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System - Essay Example The essay "Nursing as a Vital Component of Health Delivery System" talks about the importance of nurses in health and medical area who through personal care, compassion, and positive attitude, provide patients and their families with an inner strength to cope with illnesses and ensure that their health related needs are taken care of with efficiency. Strength based approach of nursing is much better than deficient approach because it has an optimistic outlook towards the sickness. It uses positive features of the patient and carer to help them to cope with the situation through improved understanding and acceptance so that they will use tools that facilitate better care or use tools for self-help, as the case may be. Freely and Gottlieb has asserted that in a strength based approach, the nurse-client relationship is a ‘partnership’ that ensures and honors basic human rights in health care relationships. The most interesting fact is that the approach empowers patients and care to seek ways and means for recovery. The approach is conducive for developing mutual trust and feeling of self worth which helps them to integrate into the mainstream population. The understanding and acceptance of the situation help to create an understanding for the requisite physical and emotional support. The nursing guidelines also assert that ‘building a nurse-family partnership is central to strengthening and supporting families. The emotional and moral support of the family goes a long way to inculcate confidence within the person.

Governments Influence On Public Opinion Media Essay

Governments Influence On Public Opinion Media Essay In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the high tech technology, in the early years there was only telegraph, radio and magazines but now a days we have got the number of media channels, internet We live in a society that depends heavily on the information and communication to be at right path, to do the right things and to take right decisions. What we need to be aware is that the most of our decisions, belief and values are based on what we know for a fact, our assumptions, our own experience and studies, however we rely heavily on the media to get current news and facts about what should be done and what should not be? The purpose of this discussion is that our lives rely heavily on the media to know the information and take the right decisions. Coming to our topic of discussion that how government influences the public opinion. As consumers rely heavily on the media organizations for information, governments too rely on media organizations to influence the public opinion whether its through advertisement, public service message or any other way to achieve their primary and secondary objectives too. Thats why we have divided our topic of discussion into three parts The media plays a very important role in shaping and controlling the political opinions. Media is extremely powerful in the sense that without the adequate functioning of the media it is very much impossible for any social structure like government to exist so all of the social structures exists on the medias ability to socialize. The U.S. government generally will exploit the media, often times manipulating the enormous power of the printed word. Ultimately empowering the U.S. government, strengthening it with the ability to determine and control the popular perception of reality. One way in which government achieves this objective, is by its ability to misuse the medias ability to set the agenda. Contrary to popular belief, media is in fact an enormous hegemony. In fact, separate independent news organizations relatively do not exist. Rather than creating an independent structured agenda of there own, generally lesser smaller news organizations adapt to a prepared agenda, previously constructed by a higher medium. Based upon this information alone, it is quite apparent that media functions in adherence to the characteristics of a hierarchy. This simply means that media is structured in a way that it operates functioning from top to bottom. This is also identical to the hierarchical nature of the human body, in that from the commands of the brain transferred through the central nervous system, the body responds accordingly. In order for the U.S. government to control and determine the publics popular perception of reality, the government must shape and oversee the information that the media reports to the existing populous. This particular process of democracy is known and ref erred to by political scientists as cognitive socialization However, many of us, who do not stick to the cushioning of political correctness, refer to it as the propaganda machine. Numerous political scientists consider cognitive socialization to be the most effective form of political socialization. According to theory, cognitive socialization is doctored up information, which is strategically fragmented in such a manipulative manner, that the probability of its rationalization is highly predictable. The manipulative properties of cognitive socialization are so diabolical and tricky in nature, that I consider it to be the ultimate perversion of the democratic process. In all seriousness, numerous intellectuals, and gentleman held in good stature agree, that cognitive socialization is the product of an evil genius. Senator William Fulbright observed in Senate hearings on government and the media in 1966, that so many of our prominent newspapers have become almost agents or adjuncts of the government; that they do not contest or even raise questions about government policy(Refrence) The Professor Noam Chomsky on a book of his entitled Manufacturing Consent, democracy and the media. Mr. Chomsky comments on the unholy alliance between government and media. Indoctrination is the essence of democracy Now the question is that when it is impossible to control the people via force, it is very much possible to control the people what they think. Thats why media is used as an additive applied to a free democratic society to preserver the interest of power elite. (the relationship between government and media) Media and Public Relationship Mass media heavily influences our daily life, with providing of information so we will discuss that: How Mass Media Works Influence Young People Influence Of Violence Image On Kids Shaping Up the Public Opinion. How Mass Media Influence Works Of all the media distribution channels the most influential has been the television, we are constantly exposed to thousands of images and a moving picture is more than 100,000. These words are in the form of images the images of violence, advertising, sex, celebrities and much more. All these are helpful in shaping up the minds of the people, actually they are not shaping up the minds but they are shaping up the public opinion in terms of giving the consumers new values, new psyche and new way of thinking and providing them with new directions. The question is that who are shaping up this public opinion these are those five big companies which owns most of the media channels, cinemas and other sources. Time Warner VIACOM Vivendi Universal Walt Disney News Corp They also own integrated telecommunications, wireless phones, video games softwares, electronic media, the music industry and more. For example if we just try to peep into past it shows that UK ex President Tony Blair won the elections due to the contract with the Murdoch News Corporation to portray the image of Tony Blair. This shows that the media has very great and long lasting influence on the peoples as this example shows that Murdoch Corporation was quite successful in shaping up the public opinion. On the other hand the thing which is quite noticeable that Mr. Tony blair contracted a company which has a wide area of coverage, which shows that the wide area of coverage helped him to shape large number peoples mind. Years ago there was more diversity in companies, but they have merged so now they are just a few and they have been successful in shaping up the opinion and beliefs of us and our kids. It has become very much important for any parent to have a look on what their kids are watching and the material is not going to conflict with norms and values. For example if we just have a look on the Pakistani kids now a days they have just been very much addicted to Indian culture that they dont any more remember the Pakistani culture they dont have the knowledge that in Islam marriage is based on Nikkah but I have seen some of the kids asking their parents that when the couple is going to take rounds around the fire. India media has been very much successful in shaping the norms, values and most important the minds of our kids. How Does Mass Media Influence Young People As we all know that the mass medias heavy reliance is on the advertisements, media organizations earn billion of dollars. This advertisement is shaping the minds of the people regarding their buying behaviors. All the people exposed to these advertisements try to buy the same thing that was in the advertisement. As there are some positive and negative influences of the media so they try to influence the young minds these young minds can may have positive influence or may have the negative one but in both cases the media is influencing the young mind, if young mind is doing a lot of exercise just seeing someone his/her favorite sportsman doing that then its a positive influence but if he/she starts smoking then its a negative image. In both the cases media is trying to project something onto the young mind whether its a good or bad but the question is that why young minds accept all these things dont they have to do something else. The answer is that every young one has got some of the peer pressure so whenever they are trying to do something its just of peer pressure to get accepted between his friends, no matter how this will impact the health of a person but the young people just wants to be accepted in their friends. This thing shows that media is playing two way game projecting both the positive and negative image in order to achieve their objectives. Media is quite capable to project a bad image a positive one and positive one to negative but in both the cases they are influencing the young minds. Another negative influence in teenagers that has grown over the last years is anorexia and obesity. There are millions of adolescents fighting obesity, but at the same time they are exposed to thousands of advertisements of junk food, while the ideas image of a successful person is told to be thin and wealthy. Also more women are obsessive with losing weight even when they are not obese; there are many thin women that want to look like the super models and thin celebrities so they engage in eating disorders which lead to severe health issues and even death. (Hubpages) How media influence public opinion As we have discussed above and continue to discuss that media has got a great impact on the society for shaping up the public opinion whether thats a political campaign, an advertisement to make you fat, broadcasting successful characters or a terrorist attack in every situation media is trying to influence. Wilton Sekzer in a movie states: I was travelling in a subway there comes a point where the wheels of the subway screech loudly, there the towers of the World Trade Centre were in perfect symmetry so I didnt know that which one is my sons building, I was thinking that cannot be my sons building because everyone inside that building gonna die, watching TV every 5 minutes they gonna show the falling towers. I am watching your news cast. How many times you gonna show got damn towers falling down, dont you have any respect for those, who have got family and friends inside there. (Why we fight, 2005) Now if we have just have a look on the above discussed example that after 9/11 the US media was trying to shape up the public opinion in a way of creating hater in the minds of populous for the Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. This shaped up the public opinion for war against terrorism and the same public opinion helped the US government for the war against Iraq. This shows that media has great power which has changed the public opinion of 80% of the Americans. Advertisements for Political Parties by Media If we just have a look on the advertisements of Pakistani political parties during the political campaigns, all of the parties whether that was in rule or in opposition both will be trying to influence the public opinion in a way that people cast their votes to the ruling party or the one in the opposition, for this purpose they try their level best to count of their best works during their ruling time. On the other hand they try to show in their advertisements that what plans they have got for the next five years. Conclusively they always try to influence the public opinion in a way that change peoples mind to cast their vote to the relative parties. There are number of other ways to influence the public opinion which includes polls and trends especially in political campaigns. The candidates that can pay more for TV and media exposure have more influence on public opinion and thus can receive more votes. This suite up the same example we discussed above about the Tony Blairs contract with Murdoch Corporation to win the elections GOVERNMENT INFLUENCE ON PUBLIC OPINION The influencing works on the agenda setting program which says that the government has to rely on the media organization for influencing the public opinion. The same is the case discussed by the Agenda setting. Agenda Setting The agenda setting theory states that the mass media has got a heavy influence on the audiences by their choices of what to report, how to report and how much worth and space should be for the issue. The salient feature is the ability of mass media to transfer issues of importance from mass media agenda to public agenda. (Brooks, Brian S., et al., 2003) Functions of Agenda Setting The agenda-setting function has multiple components: Media agenda are issues discussed in the media, such as newspapers, television, and radio. Public agenda are issues discussed and personally about members of the public. Policy agenda are issues that policy makers consider important, such as legislators. Corporate agenda are issues that big business and corporations consider important, including corporations. These four agendas are interrelated. The two basic assumptions underlie most research on agenda-setting are that the press and the media do not reflect reality, they filter and shape it, and the media concentration on a few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more important than other issues. (Brooks, Brian S., et al., 2003) Now coming back to our topic of discussion that how governments can influence the public opinion according to the agenda setting theory discussed above there are a two ways for any government to influence the public opinion the one is direct influence and other is indirect influence. Direct Influence Direct influence is a kind of influence in which the government tries to influence through their speeches and press conferences. Speeches: If we just have a look on any of the speeches of the prime ministers, presidents or even the ministers they are actually trying to influence the public opinion that they are trying to influence the people that they are doing good and taking the right decisions they are actually shaping the public opinion but a single statement can set up agenda for the media. Press conferences: Press conference is another important source of influencing the public like we every day see that somebody is conducting a press conference in which the government or non government officials try to tell to the people via media organizations about the ground realities but in some cases to portray the issue favorably they try to use different methods which includes Secrecy: an important tool that governments use to influence or avoid media coverage. Governments release information as part of a general media strategy to influence the media agenda and frame issues favorably (McCloskey, 1990, p. 119). Governments  often attempt to conceal information from other governments and the public. These  state secrets  can include  weapon  designs, military plans,  diplomatic  negotiation  tactics, and secrets obtained illicitly from others (intelligence). Most nations have some form of  Official Secrets Act  (the  Espionage Act  in the  U.S.) and classify material according to the level of protection needed (hence the term classified information). An individual needs a  security clearance  for access and other protection methods, such as keeping documents in a  safe, are stipulated. Few people dispute the desirability of keeping  Critical Nuclear Weapon Design Information  secret, but many believe government secrecy to be excessive and too often employed for political purposes. Many countries have laws that attempt to limit government secrecy, such as the U.S.  Freedom of Information Act  and  sunshine laws. Government officials sometimes  leaking formation they are supposed to keep secret. Secrecy in elections is a growing issue, particularly secrecy of vote counts on computerized vote counting machines. While voting, citizens are acting in a unique sovereign or owner capacity (instead of being a subject of the laws, as is true outside of elections) in selecting their government servants. It is argued that secrecy is impermissible as against the public in the area of elections where the government gets all of its power and taxing authority. In any event, permissible secrecy varies significantly with the context involved. (Bok, 1989) Disinformation Disinformation is the false information that is spread deliberately. It sometimes called Black Propaganda. It can include the distribution or spreading of malicious rumors and fabricated intelligence. In the military agencies there is an extensive use of this technique to hide ones course of action. Disinformation is also helpful in the cases where the government needs to hide some of the details in order to keep the emotions high or to portray the issues favorably. This can be done by manipulation of the audience at the rational level by either discrediting, conflicting or supporting false conclusions. Another technique of concealing facts, or censorship, is also used if the group can affect such control. When channels of information cannot be completely closed, they can be rendered useless by filling them with disinformation, effectively lowering their signal-to-noise ratio and discrediting the opposition by association with a lot of easily-disproved false claims. To further understand the concept of disinformation can be clarified by the example that America has faced very high life losses in war against terrorism so government to avoid any opposition of war, the government officials will tell there is a high rate of death rate for enemy and no or very less soldiers have lost their lives. This is actually providing the people with emotional support that America is quite successful in war against terrorism and people will not oppose the war. In 1957 the  CIA  knew about the  Mayak accident  but the information was not released publicly because of the reluctance of the CIA to highlight a nuclear accident in the USSR, that could cause concern among people living near nuclear facilities in the USA. (Makhijani, 2008) Now this shows that governments provide sometimes wrong information to the media so that media cannot shape the issue as they want and create a distrust in the minds of the people but they try to shape up the content as they want, this is another way of influencing the people via shaping up the content in a way as government wants. Denial of access of information: Its an important technique to manage media coverage. Officials release only that information they want to be released. For instance, in 1983 when the Reagan Administration ordered troops to the Caribbean island of Grenada, the Pentagon refused to take reporters along (Purvis, 2001, p. 243). Similarly, the Bush administration and the Pentagon restricted and carefully controlled information and media access during the 1991 Gulf war, in sharp contrast to the freedom allowed the press and the coverage of Vietnam War. Woodward (1996) revealed that the restriction list was two-pages long and included a number of restrictions on information and travel (p. 174). Now adding up to the above discussion that the media shapes up the public opinion but sometimes Governments also have to use different strategies to shape up the matter as they want rather than allowing the media to shape up the matter according to themselves. Thats why governmental officials have got media handling strategies. Indirect influence Now coming towards the indirect influence as this is conducted through the media organizations actually the government sets up the agenda for the media organizations to discuss, to broadcast and to influence the public opinion. There are two ways of indirect influence which includes: Advertisements Talk shows Advertisements: Advertising is a form of communication intended to persuade its viewers, readers or listeners to take some action. It usually includes the name of a product or service and how that product or service could benefit the consumer, to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume that particular brand. Modern advertising developed with the rise of mass production in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Commercial advertisers often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through branding, which involves the repetition of an image or product name in an effort to associate related qualities with the brand in the minds of consumers. Different types of media can be used to deliver these messages, including traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, television, radio, billboards or direct mail. Advertising may be placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company or other organization. Organizations that spend money on advertising promoting items other than a consumer product or service include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations and governmental agencies. Non-profit organizations may rely on free modes of persuasion, such as a public service announcement. (Oxford Journals) Public Service announcements: An advertisement broadcast on radio or television, for the public interest. They are to modify public attitudes by raising awareness about specific issues. The most common topics of PSAs are health, safety. Such advertising is generally produced and distributed on a cooperative basis by governmental agencies or nonprofit organizations acting in concert with private advertising and mass media companies. In most cases, the nonprofit provides the programming that is to be advertised, while the participating advertising agency and media companies provide creative services, media planning, and dissemination services on a pro bono basis. Some television shows featuring very special episodes made PSAs after the episodes. For example, Conrad Bain of Different Strokes spoke two PSAs after the episodes dealing with child sexual abuse and hitchhiking Now days we every day watch tv and read newspaper there are lot of advertisements from government or government institutions side which give us a message or information regarding some of the issues. For example child sexual abuse is very much high in Pakistan so there is a repetitive message via different media organizations that Dont let your child to be alone with a A very much common ad we use to see in the newspaper or TV that is from the FBR (federal board of revenue) which says that Tax is your liability you have to pay it All these kinds of ads and public service announcements are for the purpose of making the people get aware and shaping up the public opinion in a way that people starts doing the things that what government says. Talk Show A talk show is a television or radio program where one person (or group of people) will discuss various topics put forth by a talk show host. Sometimes, talk shows feature a panel of guests, usually consisting of a group of people who are learned or who have great experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that episode. Other times, a single guest discusses their work or area of expertise with a host or co-hosts. A call-in show takes live phone calls from callers listening at home, in their cars, etc. (wikipedia, 2009). Now to understand that how we indirectly get influence through talk shows. As we have discussed above the speeches or the press conferences as a direct source of influencing the people. Now just for a minute if we think that there is a statement by any of the government official that Pakistan is giving access to Black Water to nuclear weapon. This opens up the agenda for public and the media. Now media organizations start inviting the government officials to the talk shows and discuss the circumstances that Why Pakistan is giving access. What will they do with Pakistans nuclear weapons and lot of questions will be raised. The answers of these questions will be actually to influence the public opinion that whatever Pakistan is doing is in the large interest of the public and so on. This is how the government official indirectly influences the public opinion. In the same way the agenda can be raised up by the public or media. Again the government officials have to influence the public opinion in order to continue the government. Statements That Changed Up the Public Opinion Jan 17, 1961 President Dwight Eisenhowers stated: My fellow Americans this evening I come to you with a message of leave taking and to share few final thoughts with you my country men, we have been compelled to create a permanent arm industry of vast proportion. Three and a half million men and women are directly engaged in defense establishment. The total influence economic, political and even spiritual is felt in every city, every state house and every office of the follower government. We have recognized the imperative need for this development, yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications in councils of government we must guard against the acquisition of unwanted influence whether sort or unsort by the military industrial complex the potential for the disastrous rise of misplace power exists and will persists . (Jarecki, 2005) Iraq is a supporter of terrorist groups, inc Liberation Front, and Hamas (Why we fight) Iraq is paying $25, 000 per suicide bombing (Why we fight) CONCLUSION Now the governments heavily influence the public which has been demonstrated by different statements which shows that America brought Saddam Hussain to conquer Kuwait and after that they have used different statements against Saddam Hussain and his country and media developed an agenda upon those statements which changed the public opinion and America has to attack on Iraq. The concept is that government is the supreme power of the country and can shape up the incident as they want whether in the positive way or a negative one. We have also seen that governments keep some of the issues hidden from the public but all of these issues are intentionally kept hidden to avoid the opposition of the decision. All the above study has crystallized the topic Government Influence on Public Opinion that its true that governments do influences sometimes directly and sometimes indirectly.

A Feminist Reading of Cheever’s The Five-Forty-Eight Essay -- Cheever

A Feminist Reading of The Five-Forty-Eight The short story "The Five-Forty-Eight" by John Cheever concerns the issue of a woman scorned by the inhumane treatment she has received by men, most notably that of Blake, whose oppression serves as the turning point in her life. This generalization is often the focus of a feminist criticism. Feminists believe that women should have equal rights as men, and they seek to "correct or supplement what they regard as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with a feminist consciousness" (Meyer 2014). In this short story, using a feminist consciousness to read the text helps to understand the reasoning behind Miss Dent's need to defeat the idea that males dominate over women. Miss Dent, who has been trodden on for so long, finally takes action against Blake who represents all of the men in her life who have mistreated her. Miss Dent is an insecure woman who has been abused and mistreated her whole life, especially by Blake. The literary critic Patrick Meanor says that "the icy and detached Mr. Blake has absolutely no natural feelings for others, especially for pathetic, wounded souls such as Miss Dent, a name that symbolizes her damaged emotional condition" (92) Critics characterize Blake as the lowest of men because of the inhumane way he treats women. The worst example of Blake's maltreatment of Miss Dent is the scene in which the two sleep together in Miss Dent's apartment. Miss Dent leaves to put something more comfortable on while Blake urges her on because "that was, after all, what he had come for" (81). Blake purposely accompanies Miss Dent into her home just to have sex with her. Under the impression that Blake has a genuine interest in her, Miss Dent allows Blak... ...like before when Miss Dent had no self-esteem or confidence, now she has some control over her life and is a stronger person for it. In "The Five-Forty-Eight," Miss Dent has prevailed in her attempt to set right the wrongs done to her and other women by men like Blake. Through a feminist's view, women in history have been considered inferior to men. Blake assumes that because he is a man, he has the right to abuse women and take advantage of them. Miss Dent does not let herself become another victim, rather she successfully takes control of her life. Works Cited Cheever, John. "The Five-Forty-Eight" An Introduction to Fiction (7th edition), eds. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia, Longman, 1999 Meanor, Patrick. John Cheever Revisited. New York: Twayne, 1995. Meyer, Liz. Feminist Consciousness and Feminist Research. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983.

Bend It Like Beckham Essay

What is the purpose of the beginning of your class film? How has the director used film techniques in this part of the film to achieve this purpose? Film techniques are used by film directors to establish understanding of both the characters in the film, as well as the general plot. In the film Bend It Like Beckham, directed by Gurinder Chadha, the purposes of the film are introduced and established through the use of a wide range of film techniques. Such purposes which are highlighted especially in the first few minutes of the film include the issue of stereotypes, the passion of an individual to succeed, differences in cultural beliefs and values as well as the establishment of different and unique characters in which audiences are able to relate to. These are all highlighted through the use of techniques such as contrast, voice-over, montage, as well as many other film techniques. Costuming is an important technique used by the composer to highlight the main purpose of the beginning of the film, which is to draw attention to the issue of certain stereotypes in gender roles as perceived by society. This is emphasised in the beginning of the film through the contrast in the costuming of the two sisters, Jesminder and Pinky Bhamra. From the costuming itself, it can be seen that the personality of both sisters are drastically different; Pinky seems to be the stereotypical traditional girl, wearing stylish street wear as she goes out to shopping, while Jesminder wears track pants and sportwear. Such contrast in costuming for the two characters highlights Pinky’s femininity and Jesminder’s lack of femininity. It also further emphasise that Jesminder is very different from the common society stereotype of female, which in turn lead into her passion for soccer that sets her apart from her cultural and gender expectations. It can therefore be seen that although it is only the beginning of the film, the use of costuming as a technique has established the main purpose of the film to the audience, that is bringing the attention of social stereotypes thrust upon females in society today. Another key technique that is used by the director of the film to convey the main theme of the film is the use of montage and voice-over. Jesminder’s passion for soccer is highlighted through the use of montage at the start of the film. This is used in the dream sequence, in which Jesminder pretended that she was part of the professional English soccer team, Manchester United, in which her idol David Beckham is part of. This dream sequence highlights her dreams to be a rofessional soccer player, which defies her cultural as well as society’s expectations as soccer is generally deemed to be a â€Å"male† sport due to much of the sport being dominated by male players. Voice-over is also used in the dream sequence scene and like the montage technique, the voice-over dialogue also introduce and emphasises Jesminder’s passion for soccer. This is especially evident in the scene dialogue â€Å"†¦and there is Bhamra†¦It’s a goal by Jess Bhamra! as it further displays her passion and dreams to be a professional soccer player, like David Beckham. Through these two techniques of montage and voice-over, the director successfully conveys the main theme of the film to the audience, which is, Jesminder breaking social barriers and stereotypes to pursue her dreams to be a professional soccer player. Music and set design in the film are also employed as techniques by the composer of the film to highlight the difference in culture, as well as characters. This is especially demonstrated through the use of traditional Indian music played at the Bhamra’s household emphasising that they are not only religious, but still stick by their cultural beliefs from their homeland, despite being in a foreign country. Through the use of music, it can be easily seen that there is a significant difference in Indian culture, compared to Western culture in England. The use of set design in the film is also used as a technique to highlight the differences in personalities of the characters. This is especially seen in the character of Jesminder, where her bedroom is shown to have large posters of her soccer idol David Beckham. This further emphasises how she is completely different from how society deems a female should be. Characterisation is established in the opening scene of the film through the use of costuming as a film technique. This is evident during the first few minutes where the two protagonists, Jesminder and Juliette are introduced to the audience as teenagers thriving for their dream as a professional football player, despite conflicts and disapproval from their family. In this scene, it can be seen that costuming is used by the director to further emphasise how the two girls are different from their family and the society’s expectations through sporty and masculine clothes worn by both Jesminder and Juliette. Their differences show that they are stepping out from what the society and their family believe, to pursue their dream as professional soccer players, a role which is stereotypically associated with males. The contrast of costuming between Jesminder and Juliette, and the rest of the female cast in the film further draws the attention towards their masculinity, as well as the traditional and stereotypical aspect of the female casts. This can be seen especially through Jesminder’s mother who wears traditional feminine clothes, highlighting her social background as well as her femininity. Through the use of costuming and contrast as film techniques, the director of the film clearly establish and differentiate each of the characters, particularly the protagonists, which further aids the understanding of the plot for the audience later in the film. It can be seen that through the various use of film techniques by the composer of the film, the purpose of the film is effectively established. Such purpose of the film include bringing attention to the issue of stereotypes in both culture and gender, the passion for soccer, difference in cultural values and the establishment of unique characters. These purposes are all conveyed through the use of different techniques such as costuming, set design, voice-over, contrast and montage to further create meaning in the audience’s minds. It also further emphasises the main purpose for the creation of the film, which was to both entertain and to draw the attention towards current social expectations and barriers in which females primarily face, as well as how culture can still have a huge impact on an individual, even though they are in a foreign place. Through the different use of techniques, audiences are also able to relate to the characters effectively, thus allowing the director to convey her purpose for creating the film.

Michael Myers Essay Example

Michael Myers Essay Example Michael Myers Paper Michael Myers Paper Films tell stories in many different ways. Each different genre has its own narrative. In each type of genre there are similar conventions and plots. For example all horror films have a similar plot and are very ironic the way events occur. Halloween: Resurrection is a horror genre but due to the fact it is only certified at 15 signifies it also seems to be more of a thriller and suspense film. Thriller and Suspense Films are types of films known to promote intense excitement, suspense, a high level of anticipation, ultra-heightened expectation, uncertainty, anxiety, and nerve-wracking tension. Thriller and suspense films are virtually synonymous and interchangeable categorizations, with similar characteristics and features. Halloween includes intense excitement and anticipation as the viewer is wondering where Michael Myers is and who is his next victim. There is suspense and tension built up to throughout but it clear does not show any uncertainty or misleading events. From the other Halloween sequels, the viewers already know who the notorious, single killer is. The viewers also know what he looks like and the nature in which he kills his victims. This does not help increase as much excitement as possible because the viewers already know the killer, even before the film begins. If the genre is to be defined strictly, a genuine thriller is a film that rentlessly pursues a single-minded goal to provide thrills and keep the audience cliff-hanging at the edge of their seats as the plot builds towards a climax. The tension usually arises when the main character(s) is placed in a menacing situation or mystery, or an escape or dangerous mission from which escape seems impossible. Life itself is threatened, usually because the principal character is unsuspecting or unknowingly involved in a dangerous or potentially deadly situation. This statement clearly fits in to Halloween, as there is one main female character and around 5 other catalytic characters that also play a big part in the film. They also encounter life threatening events but as with most horror thriller films, everybody else seems o die but the main character, usually female always seems to narrowly escape at the finale of the film. Halloween is a thriller film but contains many conventions from a horror film that are recognisable and often spotted in nearly every horror genre. They are a male killer, mostly female victims and of course cold-blooded murders with the only weapon being a large knife. Characters in thrillers include convicts, criminals, stalkers, assassins, down-on-their-luck losers, innocent victims (often on the run), prison inmates, menaced women, characters with dark pasts, psychotic individuals, terrorists, cops and escaped cons, fugitives, private eyes, drifters, duplicitious individuals, people involved in twisted relationships, world-weary men and women, psycho-fiends, and more. In Halloween there is a criminal, stalker, a psychotic individual and a world-weary man who are all the same person the strange and derived Michael Myers. Also there are innocent victims and cops featured. The story is told quite effectively. It could be argued that the Halloween sequels are declining in popularity and viewers are actually getting quite tired of them. Nothing ever happens differently rather than stabbings. A bit of adventure in one of the sequels would perhaps draw back the viewers and allow them to feel some different emotions. Halloween: Resurrection has tried a little harder to retrieve its viewers very effectively. The filmmaker, Rick Rosenthal has come up with a unique idea. The main characters are placed in Michael Myers house and actually filmed on the internet. There is objects put around the house purposely, which are booby-traps and red herrings, but this adds effect as the people do not know this but they have to define the objects and events which are real and belong to Michael Myers. This builds up suspense for the actual viewers and the internet viewers on the film. It sort of allows the viewers to communicate with the characters in the film as both would be feeling the same emotions and anxiety whist watching the events unfold in the house.

Forms of Multimedia and Potential Developments essays

Forms of Multimedia and Potential Developments essays Forms of Multimedia and Potential Developments The purpose of forensic facial reconstruction is to produce an image from a skull which offers a sufficient likeness of the living individual that it will facilitate identification of skeletal remains when there are no other means available. Although facial reconstruction had begun in the nineteenth century, the method gained notoriety with the work of Gerasimov (1968), depicted on film in Gorky Park. These traditional 'plastic' methods use modelling clay or plasticine to build up the depth of tissue on the skull (or a cast of the skull) to that of a living individual. Tissue depths are known for 'landmark' sites on the skull; the depths elsewhere are interpolated between these points (Figure 1) and then into the interstices (Figure 2). The shape of the eyes, nose and mouth cannot be confidently predicted and are largely guesswork (Figure 3). Even for skilled practitioners, plastic reconstructions take one or two days. The results obtained will differ between reconstructions and bet ween practitioners. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Left to right: Figure1.Establishment of tissue depths at landmark sites on the skull (in white) and the interpolation between these sites. Figure 2. Interpolation of tissue depths into the interstices. Figure 3. Completed "plastic" reconstruction. The shape of the eyes, nose and mouth are guesswork. The tissue depth measurements used tend to be those collected from cadavers in the early part of the twentieth century, or before. These measurements are biased because they come from small samples, because a dead person's tissues are not the same as in life, and because they take only limited account of the average differences known to occur between people of different age, build and sex, and between the major human diversity aggregates. For over a century, forensic artists and scientists have been attempting to ...

Comparison and Contrast of two U.S Presidential Inaugural Addresses Essay

Comparison and Contrast of two U.S Presidential Inaugural Addresses - Essay Example The paper includes the analysis of the ethos theme of these speeches. The use of ethos is prominent in both the speeches and this theme is majorly used by both the presidents in their speeches. As in the beginning of the speech President Obama used ethos by crediting the audience for his selection and by thanking them and President Bush for the efforts which they have rendered. He also referred to the sacrifices which the people gave in the past as he said: â€Å"I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.† The reference to the past and complete credibility to the audience is an efficient way of appealing to their emotions as people usually do have a soft corner regarding their ancestors and their sacrifices. We can see the very same methodology and use of ethos in President Bush’s speech in which he said: â€Å"As I begin, I thank President Clinton for his service to our nation. And I thank Vice President Gore for a contest conducted with spirit and ended with grace. I am honored and humbled to stand here, where so many of America’s leaders have come before me, and so many will follow.† ... Thanking the previous presidents also reflected that these presidents do not hold grudges against any of the previous leaders and they are humbled by the efforts which the previous leaders have rendered for the state. Both President Obama and President Bush used Ethos to provoke the sense of responsibility in citizens of United States of America. President Obama convinced people that the United States of America can prosper only if each and every individual takes hold of his responsibility and works toward their common goal which is the common benefit and welfare of all the citizens. Ethos usually requires strong and persuasive selection of vocabulary and Obama's strongly framed sentences did the job well and he persuaded the people that they are responsible for the prosperity of the country and for the wellbeing of their fellow citizens as well. It was declared by him: â€Å"For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American p eople upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.† The same phenomenon was delivered by President Bush in these words: â€Å"What you do is as important as anything government does. I ask you to seek a common good beyond your comfort; to defend needed reforms against easy attacks; to serve your nation, beginning with your

Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Security - Essay Example Overseeing and sustaining these kinds of initiatives in an active environment is certainly a heavy burden for healthcare providers. These rules are in some because healthcare providers are equally committed to allocating as much resources as possible to and concentrating on the quality of care given to patients. Translating these functions into a convenient and successful security and compliance initiative is difficult (Kibbe, 2005). Second, I disagree with their claim that all application-to-database accesses by any healthcare professional are logged automatically. For a healthcare organization to enjoy automatic logging of application to database accesses by doctors, nurses, lab technicians, and administrators, it has to employ additional security and identity management solutions. Unfortunately, HITECH does not cover these additional technological solutions even though HIPAA requires that all healthcare providers do (Kibbe, 2005). When medical practitioners and other healthcare professionals within a single healthcare organization enter data freely into a secure database through an application-to-database access, links healthcare providers are authorized to access the same data as well. This approach may eliminate redundant paperwork and lower administrative burden, but increases the risk of intrusion by unscrupulous parties in linked healthcare organizations. Ensuring that applicable system events such as bo oting and rebooting are logged is important because developers have to support the secure conveying of these logs from the applications to administrators. Accesses made by healthcare professionals have to be compliant with regulations imposed across all of the different scaled and levels of healthcare provision and services. Some of the regulations present in the HITECH act and HIPAA are unclear (Kibbe, 2005). Lastly, I agree that doctors need quick